Why is Charles III called Karl III in Russia?

The Russian language has a peculiar way of naming English monarchs. George V in Russian is called Georg, Henry VIII is called Genrikh, while Charles III – Karl III.

This way of naming English (and other European) monarchs in Russia comes from the time when diplomatic correspondence in Europe was carried out in the Latin language – before the mid-17th century. After that, the French language slowly became the diplomatic lingua franca, but Russian diplomatic language was mostly influenced by Latin.

“First names of the French, Spanish, Italian, German and English monarchs were formed on the basis of Latin language,” says linguist Dmitry Petrov. “The name Karl, which is of German origin, in Latin sounded like Carolus. In England, it was pronounced Charles, in French – Charle , in Spain – Carlos. But, on the international level, it was always Carolus, according to the rules of the Latin language. Russian historiography and diplomatic documents have preserved this way of pronunciation and writing of the Western European monarchs’ names.”

The Latin forms of the monarchs’ names were also written on English coins minted pre-18th century – for example, Georgius, Iacobus, Henricus. Meanwhile, money was an important way of learning the monarch’s name – most common Russian people in those times didn’t see diplomatic documents at all, but they could come across a coin with an English monarch’s name on it (if they were merchants, or military men).

So, the Charleses of England in Russia were long ago known as Carolus (pronounced Karlus in Russian). For example, when tsar Alexey Mikhailovich learned of Charles I’s execution in 1649, one of his decrees said: “The English have committed a great evil deed, their sovereign, Karlus the king, killed to death, and for this, they shall not be in Moscow tsardom.”

Accordingly, other European monarchs’ names are transcribed in Russian from Latin and the French Louis XIV is called Ludovik in Russian – from Ludovicus in Latin.